Einführung in die Geschichte und Philosophie der Chemie
Kooperationsveranstaltung der Fakultäten für Chemie und für Geistes- und Sozialwissenschaften der Universität Karlsruhe (TH)
4. Vorlesung:Chemische Theorienbildung im 19. Jahrhundert |
Copyright Ó 2000 by Joachim Schummer
1.1 Korpuskulartheorien im 17. und 18. Jhd.
1.2 Affinitäten und Verbindungsgewichte
1.2.1 Relative Affinitätsstärken
1.2.2 Relative Verbindungsgewichte
1.3 Daltons Atomismus
1.4 Schwierigkeiten und Ergänzungen bei der Entwicklung des Systems von Äquivalentgewichten
1.5 Physikalischer Atomismus, Chemischer Atomismus und anti-Atomismus
2.1 Das Grundproblem: Klassifikation der organischen Verbindungen
2.2 Elektrischer Dualismus und die Radikaltheorie von Berzelius
2.3 Die Typentheorie von Laurent und Gerhardt
2.5. Die chemische Strukturtheorie von Kekulé
2.6. Stereochemie
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Daniel Sennert (1572-1637)
Pierre Gassendi (1592-1655) René Descartes (1596-1650) Robert Boyle (1627-91) Isaac Newton (1643-1727) François Etienne Geoffroy (1672-1731) Ernst Gottfried Fischer (1754-1831) Jeremias Benjamin Richter (1762-1807) John Dalton (1766-1844) Amedeo Avogadro (1776-1856) Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac (1778-1850) Jens Jakob Berzelius (1779-1848) William Prout (1785-1850) Pierre Louis Dulong (1785-1838) Alexis Thérèse Petit (1791-1820) |
Friedrich Wöhler (1800-82)
Jean Baptiste Dumas (1800-84) Justus von Liebig (1803-73) Auguste Laurent (1808-53) Charles Frédéric Gerhardt (1816-56) August Wilhelm von Hofmann (1818-92) Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) Alexander William Williamson (1824-1909) Stanislao Cannizzaro (1826-1910) Alexander Butlerow (1828-86) Friedrich August Kekulé (1829-96) Johannes Wislicenus (1835-1902) Joseph Achille Le Bel (1847-1930) Jacobus Henricus van’t Hoff (1852-1911) |
B + C ® BC qB,C = mB/mC
mD = qA,D mA = qA,D
qA,C 1000g
mH + mO ® mWassermH := mH
mO = cOmO
mWasser = cWasser mWasser = cWasser (mH + cO mO)
2 Vol. Wasserstoff + 1 Vol. Sauerstoff ® 2 Vol. Wasser2 Atome Wasserstoff + 1 Atom Sauerstoff ® 2 Atome Wasser (???)
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Berzelius (Schweden) |
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Liebig (Deutschland) |
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Dumas (Frankreich) |
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Erklärung der Lavoisierschen Stoffsystematik
M+ + O- ® (MO)- {z.B. CuO}Annahmen:X+ + O- ® (XO)- {z.B. SO3}
(MO)- + (XO)+ ® [(MO)(XO)] {z.B. CuSO4}
Schwefelsäure: [SO3 + H2O]Essigsäure(anhydrid): [(C4H6)O3 + H2O]
z.B. für Ethanol:Dumas: (C2H4)(H2O) (Wasseraddition an Ethen)
Berzelius: (C2H5O)(H) (Ethanolatbildung)
Liebig: (C2H3O)(3H)] (Oxidation zu Essigsäureanhydrid)
Essigsäure + Chlor ® Perchloressigsäure(CH3-COOH) ® (CCl3-COOH)
Experimentelle Substitution liefert Serien von chemisch ähnlichen StoffenCH4 CH3Cl CH2Cl2 CHCl3
C2H4 C2H5Br C2H4Br2 C2H3Br3
Formale Substitution liefert Serien von chemisch unähnlichen StoffenCH4 CH3Cl CH2O CHO2Na
Formaler Substitution der Kohlenwasserstoffgruppen liefert Serien von chemisch ähnlichen StoffenCH4O C2H6O C3H8O C4H10O etc. (+CH2)
CH2O2 C2H4O2 C3H6O2 C4H8O2 etc. (+CH2)
'Wurstformeln' für Methan und Methylchlorid
Kekulés ‘Wurstformeln’ für offene (links) und geschlossene
(rechts) 6-gliedrige Kohlenstoffketten mit alternierenden Einfach- und
Doppelverknüpfungen; das rechte Bild ist Kekulés ursprüngliche
Konstitutionsformel für Benzol
1. Assymmetrische Kohlenstoffatome
2. Strukturelle Differenzierung der 3 Weinsäuren
3. Strukturelle Deutung der Isomerie von Fumarsäure und Maleinsäure
(in heutiger Formelschreibweise)
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